As India navigates an era of persistent global trade uncertainty, its micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) stand at a critical crossroads. Once celebrated as engines of employment, exports and entrepreneurship, MSMEs—particularly micro enterprises—are increasingly exposed to forces beyond their control: tariff wars, currency volatility, logistics disruptions and regulatory overload. Their appeal to the Union government ahead of Budget 2026–27 is therefore not merely a plea for relief, but a warning that without recalibrated policy support, India risks hollowing out the very base of its manufacturing and employment pyramid.
MSMEs and India’s Economic Architecture
MSMEs form the backbone of India’s economy. They account for a large share of employment, feed into major industrial supply chains, and play a crucial role in exports—especially in labour-intensive sectors. Micro enterprises, which constitute the overwhelming majority of MSMEs, operate with thin margins, limited capital buffers and minimal access to sophisticated financial instruments.
In normal times, this structure allows flexibility and innovation. In periods of global disruption, however, it becomes a vulnerability. Shocks that larger firms can absorb or hedge against often prove existential for micro units.
Distress Beyond Inefficiency
Industry representations to the Finance Ministry argue that the current stress faced by MSMEs is not rooted in inefficiency or lack of effort, but in policy asymmetries and external shocks. Tariff escalations, geopolitical conflicts, shipping disruptions and volatile exchange rates affect all firms, but their impact is magnified for micro enterprises that lack bargaining power and financial resilience.
The fear articulated by industry bodies is of a “silent exit”—micro units shutting down without attracting public attention, eroding jobs and domestic production capacity precisely when India is positioning itself as a global manufacturing hub.
Credit as a Counter-Cyclical Tool
Access to affordable credit lies at the heart of MSME resilience. Micro enterprises have sought statutory collateral-free lending with capped interest rates and built-in interest subvention during stress periods. The logic is straightforward: when downturns are triggered by global shocks rather than firm-level failures, credit policy must act counter-cyclically.
Without such mechanisms, micro enterprises are forced to cut operations or exit altogether, leading to permanent loss of productive capacity. Credit, in this sense, is not merely financial support—it is economic insurance.
Export Risk in an Age of Tariff Wars
Global trade today is marked by unpredictability. Sudden tariff hikes, sanctions, and trade restrictions can instantly render export contracts unviable. Larger firms can renegotiate or diversify markets; micro exporters cannot.
Proposals for export risk equalisation funds and temporary enhancement of duty drawback rates reflect an attempt to socialise risks that individual micro firms cannot bear alone. Such buffers would not distort markets, but correct asymmetries created by geopolitical shocks over which exporters have no control.
Compliance Burden and the GST Experience
Regulatory complexity has emerged as a major non-financial stressor. While the Goods and Services Tax aimed to simplify indirect taxation, its compliance architecture has proved onerous for micro units. Multiple returns, delayed refunds and the criminalisation of procedural errors impose disproportionate costs on small firms.
The demand for simplified returns, time-bound refunds, and decriminalisation of minor lapses reflects a deeper principle: regulation must distinguish between malfeasance and incapacity. For micro enterprises, compliance should facilitate participation, not become a barrier to survival.
Currency Volatility and the Limits of Market
Month: Current Affairs - December 30, 2025
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