Ancient Indian History- A Comprehensive Guide

Prehistoric times

Prehistoric period refers to the time when written history is not available. Information about this period comes mainly from archaeological sources such as remains, artefacts and monuments.

Types of prehistoric times

The prehistoric period is classified into three main types:

• **Stone Age:** This period extended from approximately 20,000 BC to 3500 BC. During this time, humans used stone tools and weapons.
• **Mesolithic era:** This period extended from approximately 10,000 BC to 6000 BC. During this time, humans used small stone tools such as micro-blades.
• **Neolithic Age:** This period extended from approximately 6000 BC to 1000 BC. During this time, humans began using polished stone tools and began farming.

Copperstone Age

The Chalcolithic Age spanned from approximately 2000 BC to 2500 BC. During this time, humans began using copper and bronze. This period was the preceding period of the Harappan civilization.

Indus Valley Civilization in India

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was the oldest in India and one of the oldest urban civilizations in the world. It flourished from about 2600 BC to 1900 BC.

Features of Indus Valley Civilization

• **Town Planning:** A distinctive feature of the Indus Valley Civilization was its well-planned cities. Cities such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were built on a grid pattern, with wide roads and advanced drainage systems.
• **Writing:** The Indus Valley Civilization developed a script that is not yet fully understood. This script had about 400 signs and was used to write on seals, pottery and other objects.
• **Agriculture:** The Indus Valley Civilization was primarily an agricultural civilization. They grew crops like wheat, barley, cotton and peas.
• **Trade:** Indus Valley Civilization had extensive trade relations. They traded with distant lands like Mesopotamia and Persia.
• **Art and Culture:** The Indus Valley Civilization had a vibrant art and culture. They made pottery, sculptures and jewellery. He also practiced music and dance.

Decline of Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization collapsed around 1900 BC. The causes of the collapse are unknown, but factors such as natural disasters, climate change and invasions have been proposed as possible causes.