Exam-Oriented Key Points

• In November 2025, Peru formally severed diplomatic relations with Mexico.

• The decision followed Mexico granting political asylum to former Peruvian Prime Minister Betssy Chavez, who faces rebellion charges tied to the failed 2022 coup attempt by ex-President Pedro Castillo.

• Peru accused Mexico of interfering in its internal affairs and violating diplomatic norms.

1. Background and Significance

• Pakistan is set to induct Hangor-class submarines from 2026 onwards, with full delivery by 2028.

• The submarines are being developed under a $5 billion deal with China.

• The induction is expected to enhance Pakistan’s maritime strength and challenge India’s conventional submarine edge in the Indian Ocean.

• At the 10th London East Asia Film Festival (LEAFF) 2025, Korean filmmaker Lee Hwan’s “Project Y” won the Best Film Award, earning acclaim for its bold, female-led storytelling and innovative take on the noir genre. The ceremony, held in London on 2 November 2025, marked a defining moment for Asian cinema, highlighting the rise of women-centric narratives in global film.

• As the world gears up for the 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Belém, Brazil, India’s delegation will emphasize equity, climate finance, and technology access over new emission targets. Marking ten years since the Paris Agreement (2015–2025), the summit seeks to move from pledges to implementation, with Brazil promoting its new “Tropical Forest Forever Fund” to reward countries conserving tropical forests.

• Union Minister for Labour and Employment Mansukh Mandaviya will represent India at the Second World Summit for Social Development (WSSD-2), taking place in Doha, Qatar, from 4–6 November 2025. The summit, nearly 30 years after the 1995 Copenhagen Summit, aims to reaffirm global commitment to eradicating poverty, promoting decent work, and advancing social inclusion.