Exam-Oriented Key Points

1. Overview of the Report

• A study published in “The Lancet” (by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation – IHME) warns of a global fertility collapse by 2100.

• 97% of countries are projected to have below-replacement fertility rates (below 2.1 children per woman) by the end of the century.

• Researchers describe this as a “demographically divided world”, with far-reaching economic and social effects.

1. Occasion and Date

• Guru Nanak Dev Jayanti 2025 will be observed on 5 November 2025 (Wednesday).

• The festival coincides with Kartik Purnima, the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month Kartik.

• It marks the 556th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism.

Exam-Oriented Key Points

• OPEC+ (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and allies) decided to pause further oil production hikes after December 2025.

• The group had planned a production increase of 1,37,000 barrels per day in December 2025, but halted additional hikes for January–March 2026.

• The decision reflects caution amid forecasts of a global oil surplus and uncertain demand going into early 2026.

Exam-Oriented Key Points

• In November 2025, Peru formally severed diplomatic relations with Mexico.

• The decision followed Mexico granting political asylum to former Peruvian Prime Minister Betssy Chavez, who faces rebellion charges tied to the failed 2022 coup attempt by ex-President Pedro Castillo.

• Peru accused Mexico of interfering in its internal affairs and violating diplomatic norms.

1. Background and Significance

• Pakistan is set to induct Hangor-class submarines from 2026 onwards, with full delivery by 2028.

• The submarines are being developed under a $5 billion deal with China.

• The induction is expected to enhance Pakistan’s maritime strength and challenge India’s conventional submarine edge in the Indian Ocean.